By Belt, R. van de, D. Piljic and H. Stegeman, 2012.

Economische stagnatie is voor de komende jaren een meer waarschijnlijk scenario voor Nederland dan de gematigde structurele economische groei van de afgelopen decennia. Dit stellen Rabobank-economen Hans Stegeman, Ruth van de Belt en Danijela Piljic. Redenen voor stagnatie zijn onder meer het afvlakken van de verhoging van het onderwijsniveau van de beroepsbevolking, overgang naar een meer duurzame economie en schuldafbouw. De lagere economische groei maakt de financiering van de huidige publieke voorzieningen lastiger en leidt daarmee tot een onderschatting van de beleidsopgave.

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By William Baumol, 1967.

The justification of a macroeconomic model should reside primarily in its ability to provide insights into the workings of observed phenomena. Its aggregation of diverse variables usually deny it the elegance and the rigor that are provided by microeconomic analysis at its best. Yet macromodels have succeeded in explaining the structure of practical problems and in offering guidance for policy to a degree that has so far eluded the more painstaking modes of economic analysis. This article hopes to follow in the tradition-the structure of its basic model is rudimentary. Yet it can perhaps shed some light on a variety of economic problems of our generation.

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The World Bank, 2013.

Major structural transformations under way in the global economy will shape the economic fortunes of nations for decades to come. The gradual acceleration of trend growth in developing countries, which started during the 1990s, has increased their contribution not only to global investment but also to global saving. This is a significant change from a few decades ago, when many considered low national saving rates and difficulty in attracting foreign capital to be constraints to investment and growth in developing countries. Collectively, developing countries’ domestic saving stood at 34 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010, up from 21 percent in 1970, and their investment was around 33 percent of their GDP in 2012, up from 22 percent. As a result of the upward trends in these rates and an accelerated economic expansion, developing countries’ share of global saving now stands at 46 percent, nearly double the level of the mid-1960s.

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Anil Markandya and Dale N., 2012.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was agreed in September 1987 as an international response to the significant threats to the environment and human health posed by continued use of ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the global economy. The treaty protects the ozone layer by establishing controls for the consumption and production of these chemicals, used in a great many industrial, commercial and consumer applications across a range of economic sectors. The agreement included a 50 per cent phase down of CFCs and a freeze on halons, only for developed countries. Subsequent Amendments and Adjustments added new chemicals to the control schedule, a timetabled phase-out, and extended the controls to developing.

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Posey, John., Book 2011.

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By Spatial Foresight Öir, BBSR, Pöry, and BOKU-Met, 2011.

The financial crisis was triggered in the US in 2007, subsequently developed into the fiercest economic crisis since the 1930s to hit a majority of developed countries, and still continues at the time of writing in early 2011. In Europe, the industrial motors that got off relatively easily – such as Germany, Sweden, Slovakia and the Czech Republic – have restarted, but the structural deficits in many countries and, more alarming, in the Union as a whole, persist. Ireland, Greece and Spain still remain in unfavourable situations with financial and real estate markets still disordered and public debts potentially exceeding safe levels. Other countries, such as Portugal, Romania, Italy, France, the UK and Lithuania, still struggle to reach growth levels that could lead to the economic path they were on before the crisis. Therefore, at the outset it must be mentioned that this crisis paper can only illustrate a snapshot of the economic developments, mainly the status 2010. For that reason, a strong focus was on regional differences rather than on more global predictions for the near-term future.

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By OECD, 2006.

Cities are home to more than half the people living in OECD countries and almost 50 % of the output and jobs of many nations is found in their largest city. Though most cities have higher economic growth, foreign investment and labour productivity than the rest of the country, they are also more polluted, crime-ridden and socially disparate. A new OECD report, Competitive Cities in the Global Economy gives case studies and policy recommendations to help cities, often the drivers of national economies, continue to thrive. The book also provides a strong statistical database on the world’s principal cities.

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