Avaliação de escassez e poluição de água

Sustainable Water Integrated Management. Project by European Union, 2012

The Southern Mediterranean Region are faced with the issues of water scarcity, salinity, water logging, bacteriological and chemical contamination, and dam sedimentation. These issues affect directly and indirectly all water and land uses, namely agriculture , fisheries ,domestic use, sanitation, health, industry, hydropower, tourism and biodiversity.

During the last decade, significant progress was made in the decentralization of water resource management, mainly focused on participatory management methods, accompanied by technical and financial support by the State.

These problems are widely acknowledged at national level through a series of technical reports and economic studies of degradation which was spearheaded first by the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program ( METAP) in its cost of environment degradation2 (COED) regional program and subsequently by the the European Commission on the Analysis for European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Countries and the Russian Federation on social and economic benefits of enhanced environmental protection. The estimates, however, cannot be used directly to provide an operational response as they did not consider the costs and benefits of possible solutions to the watershed degradation problems. In fact less is known at a more detailed river basin level as no accurate identification of problems and evaluation of the associated costs of degradation have been undertaken so far. However it is at the basin level, that decisions has to be taken as to the management, and the protection of the water resources in full collaboration with local authorities and in particular the regional/local wastewater establishment.

Attachments:
Cost Assessment of Water Degradation

Nancy Ross - UNEP (2010)

Every day, millions of tons of inadequately treated sewage and industrial and agricultural wastes are poured into the world’s waters. Every year, lakes, rivers, and deltas take in the equivalent of the weight of the entire human population in the form of pollution. Every year, more people die from the consequences of unsafe water than from all forms of violence. And, every year, water contamination of natural ecosystems affects humans directly by destroying fisheries or causing other impacts on biodiversity that affect food production. In the end, most polluted freshwater ends up in the oceans, causing serious damage to many coastal areas and fisheries and worsening our ocean and coastal resource management challenges.

Clean, safe, and adequate freshwater is vital to the survival of all living organisms and the smooth functioning of ecosystems, communities, and economies. But the quality of the world’s water is increasingly threatened as human populations grow, industrial and agricultural activities expand, and as climate change threatens to cause major alterations of the hydrologic cycle.

Effective solutions to water quality challenges exist and have been implemented in a number of places. It is time for a global focus on protecting and improving the quality of the world’s freshwater resources. There are three fundamental solutions to water quality problems: (1) prevent pollution; (2) treat polluted water; and (3) restore ecosystems

Attachments:
Clearing the Waters

FAO, 2013

Este informe pretende aportar un marco conceptual para tratar la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria en condiciones de escasez de agua para la agricultura. El documento ofrece varias visiones sobre el marco conceptual en el que se debería basar el programa de escasez de agua de la FAO, propone algunas definiciones asociadas al concepto de escasez de agua, e indica los principios fundamentales sobre los que la FAO debería basar sus acciones de apoyo a los Estados Miembros.

Entre las cuestiones tratadas se encuentran las siguientes:

Escasez de agua: acuerdo sobre las definiciones clave.
Conceptualización de la escasez de agua de forma que tenga sentido para el desarrollo de políticas y la toma de decisiones.
Cuantificación de la escasez de agua.
Opciones políticas y técnicas de respuesta para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en condiciones de escasez de agua.
Criterios y principios que deberían usarse para establecer las acciones prioritarias de respuesta a la escasez de agua para la agricultura y para asegurar estrategias que la afronten de forma efectiva y eficiente.

Attachments:
Afrontar la escasez de agua. FAO

WWF, 2011

The growth of the earth’s urban population and areas continues as a major demographic trend; it is projected that 70 % of the world’s population will live in urban areas by 2050. Urban growth today is most rapid in developing countries, where cities gain an average of 5 million residents each month. Megacities and metacities – defined by UN Habitat as cities with more than 10 million inhabitants or 20 million inhabitants respectively – are gaining ground in Asia, Latin America and Africa.

In most developing countries, urban growth is inextricably linked with slum expansion and poverty; in 2000, nearly one third of the world’s urban dwellers lived in slums. As city infrastructure cannot keep pace with massive urban growth, many people are left without adequate access to drinking water and sanitation.

Attachments:
Big Cities. Big Water. Big Challenges. Case studies

María Adelaida Fernández (Instituto von Humboldt, 2006)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar el valor económico de la calidad del agua de la cuenca alta del río Campoalegre, dentro del área de influencia del parque municipal natural que lleva su mismo nombre, a través de la metodología de “función de daño”.

Attachments:
Valoración Económica de la Calidad del Agua. Caso del Río Campoalegre

XiaoLi Zhang (Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 2014)

As water resources are increasingly exploited, pollution of the aquatic environment in the Yangtze River basin has grown more serious. Areas along the river are densely populated and have highly developed economies. The river suffers from great quantities of pollutants, and the surface water is severely polluted. According to the China Marine Environment Quality Bulletin, from 2004 to 2012, the Yangtze River is the East China Sea’s greatest source of pollution.

There are many factors leading to the deterioration of the aquatic environment in the Yangtze River basin. Studies have shown that the lack of rigorous organizational mechanisms, a large number of construction projects and the discharge of waste water without treatment both within the boundary and across the boundary are the main factors causing the pollution.

Attachments:
Economic Cost of Water Pollution in the Yangtze River

Guy Hutton (Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health, 2001)

There is always a need to weigh up costs against benefits and in doing so one of the more difficult problems is to come up with a monetary measure for different benefits. This chapter examines some of the instruments available to guide priority-setting and their use in assessing water and sanitation interventions.

Attachments:
Economic evaluation and priority settings in water and sanitation interventions

Instituto de Políticas para la Sostenibilidad, 2004

En el presente caso, se analiza el daño ambiental debido a una contaminación ocurrida en los Sectores Canal Batán, Barra del Pacuare, Lagunas Madre De Dios y Santa Marta (Moín, Limón), en enero del 2003.

Para llegar a los resultados esperados se aplicó la metodología de evaluación de daño ambiental desarrollada por Barrantes y Di Mare (2002), donde se establecen las principales variables a evaluar. Para la aplicación de la metodología se utilizó la información existente en literatura y estudios sobre la zona, conversación con expertos y la información generada mediante la realización de un Taller de Consulta con expertos (profesionales y habitantes locales) con amplio conocimiento sobre la zona afectada.

Attachments:
Evaluación Económica Ambiental

Cost Assessment of Water Degradation (CAWD) In Selected Southern Mediterranean Countries

Clearing the Waters. A focus on water quality solutions

Afrontar la escasez de agua

Big Cities. Big Water. Big Challenges. Water in Urbanization World

Valoración Económica de la Calidad del Agua de la Cuenca Alta del Río Campoalegre, Colombia

Assessing the Economic Costs of Water Pollution in the Yangtze River, China

Economic evaluation and priority setting in water and sanitation interventions

Evaluación Económica del Daño Ambiental en los sectores Canal Batán, Barra del Pacuare, Laguna Madre de Dios y Santa Marta, Costa Rica

Degradação das Terras

Degradação das águas

Degradação do Ar

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